Helicobacter pylori infection and pediatric asthma.

OBJECTIVE
Childhood infectious diseases are one of the most known environmental pathogenic causes of childhood asthma. The high prevalence of both Helicobacter pylori infection and asthma in our country prompted us to assess anyprobable association between them in childhood.


METHODS
This cross-sectional study recruited 196 children aged 6 to 12 years old comprising 98 asthmatic (case group) and 98 healthy (control group) individuals. Urea breath test was performed for all of the children and H. pylori infection was compared between the two groups according to the urea breath test results.


RESULTS
Urea breath test was positive in 18 asthmatic (18.36) and 23 (23.36) healthy subjects but was not significantly different between the case and controls (p = 0.380). Further analysis in the asthmatic group revealed association of H. pylori infection withage (p < 0.001) and duration of asthma (p = 0.010). However, no significant correlation was found between sex, severity of asthma, controled asthma or abnormal pulmonary function tests with H. pylori infection (p= 0.804, 0.512, 0.854 and 0.292, respectively).


CONCLUSION
Given the results of the study, H. pylori infection was not significantly different between asthmatic and healthy children. In asthmatic patients, there was no significant association between H. pylori infection and sex, severity of disease, control status of disease and normal or abnormal pulmonary function tests. H. Pylori infection had a significant association with increasing age and duration of asthma.


INTRODUCTION
Helicobacter pylori infection is still one of the most common human infectious diseases worldwide and some recent serologic studies illustrated that most carriers of H. pylorihave infected during childhood (1, 2). Developing and popular countries are more susceptible to this infection than others. H. pylori infection occurs globally with a prevalence of 20% to 50% in industrial countries and as high as 80% in developing countries (3). Shortly after discovery of H. pyloriby Warren and Marshal (4), more pathological investigations illustrated the principal causative role of H. pylory in progression of a variety of chronic states (3,(5)(6)(7)(8). H. pylori is a Gram-negative micro-aerophilic spiral bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosal layer and causes a variety of diseases such as gastritis, peptic ulcer diseases, gastric cancers, and lymphoid tissue lymphomas (5)(6)(7)(9)(10)(11). However, associations of H. pylori infection with extra-gastric diseases such as respiratory diseases are still not clear and are under investigation by many scientists. Like many people in developing countries, Iranians also suffer from a high prevalence of H. pylori infection in addition to other diseases such as childhood asthma and allergy. Therefore, we conducted the present study to evaluate any possible association between H. pyloriinfection and childhood asthma using the urea breath test (UBT). mateRiaLs and methods study population. During this cross-sectional study from January 2010 to March 2011, 196 children comprising 98 asthmatic patients who referred to our pediatric clinic of asthma and allergy (case group) and 98 healthy individuals (control group) were enrolled in the analysis. In the case group, documented asthmatic patients younger than 18 years were included. Patients with documented H. pylory infection, history of gastrointestinal diseases or proton-pump inhibitor use were excluded from the study. In the control group, all healthy staff's children younger than 18 years old were enrolled in the study (matched according to the age with case groups). The study was approved by ethic committee of the University and written informed consent was obtained from the parents.
UBT was performed for all subjects and the results in addition to the baseline characteristics were compared between the two groups. In the case group, UBT results were evaluated according to the age, sex, duration of asthma (years), severity and control status of the asthma and pulmonary functional test (PFT). Severity of the disease classified as mild/intermittent or more severe. PFT results classified as normal or obstructive disease. statistical analysis. Data are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) otherwise as median and range. Independent sample T-test and chi-square were carried out when data were normally distributed. A p-value of less than 0.05 was defined as statistical significant. All analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows version 16.0.

ResULts
A total of 196 children aged 6 to 12 years old comprising 98 asthmatic and 98 healthy ones were studied. Baseline characteristics are shown in Table  1. UBT was positive in 18 of 98 asthmatic patients (18.36 %) and 23 of 98 healthy individuals (23.46 %). The test was not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.380).
In the asthmatic group, UBT was evaluated according to the age, sex, duration of asthma (years), severity and control status of the disease and PFT (Table 2). It showed the test just was significantly different among the asthmatic patients according to the age and the duration of the disease P < 0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively.

discUssion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first studyto evaluate any possible relationship between H. pylori infection and childhood asthma using the UBT in our population. Given the results of the study, there was no significant difference between H. pylori infection and childhood asthma. But, we found an association between increased age and prolonged duration of disease in asthmatic children with more incidences of H. pylori infection.
Although, indistinct results of previous studies regarding correlation between H. pylori infection and asthma make comparison difficult; our results are somehow in line with some epidemiological studies that believed H. pylori seropositivity is more prevalent in atopic diseases such as asthma, rhinitis and eczema (12)(13)(14). Although it is in contrast with some other studies that propose inverse association These differences may mostly be based on the diversity of study populations. In contrast to developing countries where the prevalence of both asthma and H. pylori infection is increasing in industrial countries, the incidence of H. pylori infection has had a decreasing trend contrary to the prevalence of childhood asthma which has in creased over the recent decades (3,(18)(19)(20). This proposes that lack of early exposure to H. pylori may be an important indicator of development of pediatric asthma (15, 16). Chen et al. (16) published a study regarding the presence of an inverse association between H. pylori positivity and asthma in children. Their results also suggested that in the presence of allergic rhinitis this inverse association is even stronger than in the absence of it. Zevitet al, (17) also revealed that there is an inverse association between H. pylori seropositivity and pediatric asthma.
However we found no significant association, but concur with some previous reports such as Raj et al,(14) that suggested H. pylori has some sort of association with asthma however may not be directly involved in the initiation of it (14, 21). Raj et al. (14) proposed that H. pylori infection possibly will be an only indicator of poor hygiene and the poor hygiene through the hygiene theory of more exposure to the infectious agents, results in a low prevalence of asthma.
Umetsu and DeKruyffas well stated that H. pylori may indirectly induce asthma and allergic diseases through exaggerated T-helper2-biased (Th2-biased) response (21). Th2-immune responses itself are controlled by regulatory T-cells and it is hypothesized that H. pylori-specific CD4+ T-cells are accumulated in the infected gastric mucosa by H. pylori and could lead to Th2-biased immune responses that initiate the development of asthma and allergic diseases (21-23).
On the other hand, study that was conducted on 2437 adults aged 18-70 years by Fullerton et al, (24), failed to find any association between positive H. pylori infection and either COPD, asthma, allergic diseases, atopic diseases or abnormal PFT. Furthermore, results from a community-based study of young adults provided no evidence that seropositive H. pylori patients had a lower level of IgE sensitization (25). These inconsistent findings of different investigations may be due to the regional variations in the epidemiology of the infection, as well as the different socioeconomic and living status in different countries.
However, due to the wide discrepancies reported in this regard further prospective longitudinal studies are needed to provide additional information to clarify the precise relationship between H. pylori infection and asthma in children from both developed and developing countries.
In conclusion, the results showed no association between the childhood asthma and the H. pylori infection. Although, we found that increased age and prolonged duration of the disease were associated  Data are presented as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation (SD). UBT; urea breath test.